Cosmic ray short burst observed with the Global Muon Detector Network (GMDN) on June 22, 2015

We analyze the short cosmic ray intensity increase ("cosmic ray burst": CRB) on June 22, 2015 utilizing a global network of muon detectors and derive the global anisotropy of cosmic ray intensity and the density (i.e. the omnidirectional intensity) with 10-minute time resolution. We find that the CRB was caused by a local density maximum and an enhanced anisotropy of cosmic rays both of which appeared in association with Earth's crossing of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS). This enhanced anisotropy was normal to the HCS and consistent with a diamagnetic drift arising from the spatial gradient of cosmic ray density, which indicates that cosmic rays were drifting along the HCS from the north of Earth. We also find a significant anisotropy along the HCS, lasting a few hours after the HCS crossing, indicating that cosmic rays penetrated into the inner heliosphere along the HCS. Based on the latest geomagnetic field model, we quantitatively evaluate the reduction of the geomagnetic cut-off rigidity and the variation of the asymptotic viewing direction of cosmic rays due to a major geomagnetic storm which occurred during the CRB and conclude that the CRB is not caused by the geomagnetic storm, but by a rapid change in the cosmic ray anisotropy and density outside the magnetosphere.Comment: accepted for the publication in the Astrophysical Journa

RASTREAMENTO DE INTERAÇÕES EM LABORATÓRIOS EDUCACIONAIS NOS MUNDOS VIRTUAIS 3D PARA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE ENGAJAMENTO.

O equilíbrio entre teoria e prática sempre foi um desafio histórico na educação, bem como a identificação do engajamento dos alunos nas atividades acadêmicas. Deseja-se o equilíbrio teórico-prático para ampliar os conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes; e a melhora do engajamento para impulsionar o desempenho dos estudantes. Os laboratórios virtuais desenvolvidos em mundos virtuais 3D são uma alternativa para este desafio, permitindo medir o nível de engajamento do estudante nas experiências práticas. Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de laboratórios em mundos virtuais 3D para as aprendizagens experiencial e significativa, armazenando as interações do aluno com o experimento, permitindo a identificação de seu nível de engajamento

Implicações da covid-19 no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro

Divulgação dos SUMÁRIOS das obras recentemente incorporadas ao acervo da Biblioteca Ministro Oscar Saraiva do STJ. Em respeito à Lei de Direitos Autorais, não disponibilizamos a obra na íntegra.Localização na estante: 34:578.834 M149iOrganizado por: Carlos Henrique Machado, Denise M. Nunes e Ruben Rockenbach Manent

Sustainable institutionalized punishment requires elimination of second-order free-riders

Although empirical and theoretical studies affirm that punishment can elevate collaborative efforts, its emergence and stability remain elusive. By peer-punishment the sanctioning is something an individual elects to do depending on the strategies in its neighborhood. The consequences of unsustainable efforts are therefore local. By pool-punishment, on the other hand, where resources for sanctioning are committed in advance and at large, the notion of sustainability has greater significance. In a population with free-riders, punishers must be strong in numbers to keep the "punishment pool" from emptying. Failure to do so renders the concept of institutionalized sanctioning futile. We show that pool-punishment in structured populations is sustainable, but only if second-order free-riders are sanctioned as well, and to a such degree that they cannot prevail. A discontinuous phase transition leads to an outbreak of sustainability when punishers subvert second-order free-riders in the competition against defectors.Comment: 7 two-column pages, 3 figures; accepted for publication in Scientific Report

Seletividade e eficiência do controle químico de plantas daninhas em áreas de produção de sementes forrageiras de clima temperado.

Resumo Diversas práticas podem ser utilizadas pelos produtores de sementes de modo a minimizar a infestação das áreas pelas plantas daninhas. Contudo, estas práticas isoladas não têm sido eficientes em evitar a contaminação de lotes, muitas vezes inviabilizando sua comercialização por não se enquadrarem nos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Assim, o uso do controle químico torna-se importante para agregar eficiência no controle de plantas daninhas. Entretanto, no Brasil, não existem herbicidas seletivos registrados para uso em forrageiras de clima temperado como trevos e cornichão. Deste modo, estudos conduzidos pela Embrapa em parceria com a UFPel avaliaram a seletividade de herbicidas às forrageiras de clima temperado cornichão (cv. URS BRS Posteiro), trevo-branco (cv. BRS URS Entrevero) e trevo-vermelho (cv. URS Mesclador). O herbicida flumetsulam mostrou potencial seletivo para cornichão e trevo-branco quando aplicado em pré emergência, devendo-se evitar aplicações tardias como na floração das forrageiras. Em áreas de produção de sementes de segundo ano, este herbicida pode ser utilizado logo após uma roçada de uniformização das forrageiras, contribuindo no controle de plantas daninhas e favorecendo a produção de lotes de sementes com maior pureza, sem afetar a produção de sementes. Ressalta-se a importância da necessidade de registro deste produto e outros avaliados junto aos órgãos competentes primeiramente, visando sua recomendação de uso pelos produtores de sementes forrageiras de clima temperado.bitstream/item/224185/1/BPD-48-online.pd

AVERAGE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COSMIC RAYS BEHIND THE INTERPLANETARY SHOCK-GLOBAL MUON DETECTOR NETWORK OBSERVATIONS

We analyze the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) density and its spatial gradient in Forbush Decreases (FDs) observed with the Global Muon Detector Network (GMDN) and neutron monitors (NMs). By superposing the GCR density and density gradient observed in FDs following 45 interplanetary shocks (IP-shocks), each associated with an identified eruption on the Sun, we infer the average spatial distribution of GCRs behind IP-shocks. We find two distinct modulations of GCR density in FDs, one in the magnetic sheath and the other in the coronal mass ejection (CME) behind the sheath. The density modulation in the sheath is dominant in the western flank of the shock, while the modulation in the CME ejecta stands out in the eastern flank. This east-west asymmetry is more prominent in GMDN data responding to similar to 60 GV GCRs than in NM data responding to similar to 10 GV GCRs, because of the softer rigidity spectrum of the modulation in the CME ejecta than in the sheath. The geocentric solar ecliptic-y component of the density gradient, G(y), shows a negative (positive) enhancement in FDs caused by the eastern (western) eruptions, while G(z) shows a negative (positive) enhancement in FDs caused by the northern (southern) eruptions. This implies that the GCR density minimum is located behind the central flank of IP-shocks and propagating radially outward from the location of the solar eruption. We also confirmed that the average Gz changes its sign above and below the heliospheric current sheet, in accord with the prediction of the drift model for the large-scale GCR transport in the heliosphere.ArticleASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL. 825(2):100 (2016)journal articl

Benevolent characteristics promote cooperative behaviour among humans

Cooperation is fundamental to the evolution of human society. We regularly observe cooperative behaviour in everyday life and in controlled experiments with anonymous people, even though standard economic models predict that they should deviate from the collective interest and act so as to maximise their own individual payoff. However, there is typically heterogeneity across subjects: some may cooperate, while others may not. Since individual factors promoting cooperation could be used by institutions to indirectly prime cooperation, this heterogeneity raises the important question of who these cooperators are. We have conducted a series of experiments to study whether benevolence, defined as a unilateral act of paying a cost to increase the welfare of someone else beyond one's own, is related to cooperation in a subsequent one-shot anonymous Prisoner's dilemma. Contrary to the predictions of the widely used inequity aversion models, we find that benevolence does exist and a large majority of people behave this way. We also find benevolence to be correlated with cooperative behaviour. Finally, we show a causal link between benevolence and cooperation: priming people to think positively about benevolent behaviour makes them significantly more cooperative than priming them to think malevolently. Thus benevolent people exist and cooperate more

Competition between the exotic grass Eragrostis plana and forage grass Paspalum nutatum under drought conditions.

Resumo

Biologia molecular aplicada à ciência das plantas daninhas.

The weeds have high genetic variability, mainly for this, they are adapted to environments disturbed by humans. Although weed control has evolved positively in recent years, they continue to interfere with agricultural production. The objective of this bibliographic review is to present the contribution of molecular biology in the studies applied to herbology. There area gap in what we learn about weed genomics, which could help us manage and improve the competitiveness of weed crops. Many studies in the field of weed science can be carried out using molecular biology techniques. The characterization of the genome of weed species, aiming to identify species with higher accuracy, identification of herbicide resistant species and its mechanism of resistance, genetic variability and similarity among weed populations, identification of genes involved in the interaction processes between plants, among other.As plantas daninhas possuem elevada variabilidade genética, e principalmente por este motivo, são adaptadas a ambientes com intensa atividade humana. Embora o controle de plantas daninhas tenha evoluído de maneira positiva nos últimos anos, elas continuam a interferir na produção agrícola. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é apresentar a contribuição da biologia molecular nos estudos aplicados a herbologia. Há lacunas entre o que aprendemos sobre genômica de plantas daninhas e como esses conhecimentos poderiam nos auxiliar no manejo e melhorar a competividade de culturas agrícolas frente às plantas daninhas. Muitos estudos na área da ciência das plantas daninhas podem ser realizados com o emprego de técnicas de biologia molecular, sendo eles: caracterização do genoma de espécies de plantas daninhas, visando à identificação destes com maior acurácia, identificação de espécies resistentes a herbicidas e seu mecanismo de resistência, variabilidade e similaridade genética entre populações de plantas daninhas, identificação de genes envolvidos nos processos de interação entre plantas, dentre outros